Peptide Clinical Research & Scientific Literature Index
Peer-reviewed studies, clinical trials, & pharmacology
Showing 35 Studies
Metabolic & Incretin
Phase III RCT
Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity (STEP 1)
N Engl J Med (2021) • Wilding JP, et al.
- Subcutaneous semaglutide 2.4 mg weekly yielded a mean body weight change of -14.9% vs -2.4% with placebo over 68 weeks.
- Significant improvements observed in cardiometabolic risk factors and physical function.
Metabolic & Incretin
Phase III RCT
Tirzepatide Once Weekly for the Treatment of Obesity (SURMOUNT-1)
N Engl J Med (2022) • Jastreboff AM, et al.
- Dual GLP-1/GIP agonist achieved dose-dependent mean weight reductions up to 20.9% (15 mg dose) at week 72.
- 89%–91% of participants achieved ≥5% body weight reduction.
Metabolic & Incretin
Phase II RCT
Triple-Hormone-Receptor Agonist Retatrutide for Obesity — A Phase 2 Trial
N Engl J Med (2023) • Jastreboff AM, et al.
- Triple agonist (GIP/GLP-1/glucagon) demonstrated body-weight reductions of up to 24.2% at 48 weeks.
- Shown to increase basal metabolic rate via glucagon receptor activation.
Metabolic & Incretin
Phase III RCT
Cagrilintide + Semaglutide (CagriSema) for Weight Management
The Lancet (2023) • Frias JP, et al.
- Combination of amylin analogue cagrilintide and semaglutide resulted in additive weight loss and glycemic control.
- Demonstrated superior efficacy compared to either monotherapy component alone.
Metabolic & Incretin
Preclinical & Early Human
A C-Terminal Fragment of Growth Hormone (AOD9604) Reduces Adiposity in Obese Rats
Endocrinology (2001) • Heffernan M, et al.
- Mimics lipolytic action of hGH without altering serum glucose levels or IGF-1 concentrations.
- Selectively stimulates lipid breakdown (lipolysis) and inhibits lipogenesis.
Metabolic & Incretin
Preclinical Model
Metabolic Effects of 5-Amino-1MQ: NNMT Inhibition in Adipose Tissue
Biochem Pharmacol (2018) • Neelakantan H, et al.
- Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT) inhibitor enhanced intracellular NAD+ and SAM levels in adipocytes.
- Reversed diet-induced obesity by increasing fat cell basal metabolic rate.
Tissue Repair
Preclinical (In Vivo)
Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 and Tendon Healing: How It Recovers the Injured Tendon
Curr Pharm Des (2010) • Chang CH, et al.
- Promotes Achilles tendon outgrowth, cell survival under oxidative stress, and tendon fibroblast migration.
- Mechanisms involve activation of the VEGFR2 signaling pathway.
Tissue Repair
Preclinical (In Vivo)
BPC 157 Accelerates Healing of Transected Rat Quadriceps Muscle
Muscle Nerve (2011) • Novinscak T, et al.
- Accelerated functional recovery and structural restoration following severe traumatic muscle disruption.
- Attenuated local hematoma formation and enhanced proteoglycan synthesis.
Tissue Repair
Preclinical (In Vivo)
Thymosin Beta-4 Promotes Dermal Wound Healing in Normal and Immunosuppressed Mice
J Invest Dermatol (1999) • Malinda KM, et al.
- Accelerates wound repair by stimulating actin polymerization and vascular endothelial cell migration.
- Increased collagen deposition and re-epithelialization in dermal injury models.
Tissue Repair
Human Clinical Trial
Thymosin Beta-4 Eye Drops for Neurotrophic Keratopathy Healing
Ann NY Acad Sci (2012) • Sosne G, et al.
- Promoted corneal epithelial healing and reduced ocular surface inflammation in patients.
- Demonstrated potent anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory mechanisms in ocular mucosa.
GH Secretagogues
Phase III RCT
Effects of Tesamorelin on Visceral Fat and Liver Fat in HIV-Infected Patients
JAMA (2014) • Stanley TL, et al.
- GHRH analogue significantly reduced visceral adipose tissue (VAT) by 15.4%.
- Decreased liver fat content without adversely impacting glucose homeostasis.
GH Secretagogues
Phase I Trial
Prolonged Stimulation of Growth Hormone and IGF-I Secretion by CJC-1295
J Clin Endocrinol Metab (2006) • Teichman SL, et al.
- Single administration resulted in dose-dependent increases in mean plasma GH (2 to 10-fold) and IGF-I (1.5 to 3-fold).
- Demonstrated extended half-life with elevated levels lasting 6–14 days.
GH Secretagogues
Clinical Pharmacokinetics
Growth Hormone Releasing Peptide Ipamorelin Stimulates GH Release In Vivo
Eur J Endocrinol (1998) • Raun K, et al.
- Highly selective ghrelin receptor agonist that stimulates GH release without elevating cortisol or prolactin.
- Preserves natural pulsatile GH dynamics with minimal off-target endocrine activation.
GH Secretagogues
Phase II RCT
MK-677 (Ibutamoren) Increases Bone Mineral Density in Elderly Adults
J Clin Endocrinol Metab (1999) • Murphy MG, et al.
- Oral ghrelin receptor agonist increased serum IGF-1 by 60% over 12 months.
- Significantly increased total body bone mineral density and lean mass.
GH Secretagogues
Clinical Pharmacology
Sermorelin (GHRH 1-29) Stimulation of Growth Hormone Secretion in Humans
Clin Endocrinol (1992) • Prakash A, Goa KL.
- Stimulates pituitary Somatotroph cells via endogenous hypothalamic signaling pathways.
- Maintains intact negative feedback loop with somatostatin, preventing excessive GH release.
Tissue Remodeling
Review & Genomic Analysis
Regenerative and Protective Actions of the GHK-Cu Peptide in Light of New Gene Data
Int J Mol Sci (2018) • Pickart L, Margolina A.
- Modulates 31.2% of human genes, upregulating tissue repair and collagen synthesis.
- Downregulates inflammatory pathways and regulates metalloproteinases to prevent scarring.
Longevity
Longitudinal Study
Peptidergic Regulation of Aging: 15 Years of Clinical Experience with Epithalamin
Neuro Endocrinol Lett (2003) • Khavinson VK.
- Synthetic bioregulatory peptide restored nighttime melatonin secretion and normalized circadian rhythms.
- Promoted telomere elongation and reduced mortality in long-term observational cohorts.
Longevity
In Vivo & In Vitro
The Mitochondrial-Derived Peptide MOTS-c Promotes Metabolic Homeostasis
Cell Metab (2015) • Lee C, et al.
- Mitochondrial-derived peptide targets skeletal muscle to enhance insulin sensitivity and prevent diet-induced obesity.
- Regulates nuclear gene expression under metabolic stress conditions via AMPK activation.
Longevity
Preclinical Model
MOTS-c Interacts with Exercise Training to Improve Physical Performance in Mice
Nat Commun (2021) • Reynolds JC, et al.
- Exogenous MOTS-c administration significantly enhanced exercise capacity and physical performance in young and old mice.
- Regulated skeletal muscle metabolism and adaptive response to physiological stress.
Longevity
Preclinical Neuroprotection
Humanin: A Bioactive Mitochondrial Peptidome Member Protecting Against Oxidative Stress
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (2001) • Hashimoto Y, et al.
- Endogenous mitochondrial peptide that suppresses neuronal cell death induced by Alzheimer's disease genes.
- Exhibits cytoprotective effects across cardio, renal, and metabolic organ tissues.
Longevity
In Vitro / In Vivo
SS-31 (Elamipretide) Restores Mitochondrial Structure and Function in Aging
Aging Cell (2020) • Campbell MD, et al.
- Targets inner mitochondrial membrane cardiolipin to restore electron transport chain efficiency.
- Reduces mitochondrial ROS production and reverses age-related skeletal muscle fatigue.
Nootropic & Neuro
Preclinical Model
Semax Activates Expression of Neurotrophins & Receptors in Ischemic Brain
J Mol Neurosci (2018) • Medvedeva EV, et al.
- ACTH derivative rapidly upregulated BDNF and NGF expression in central nervous system tissue.
- Demonstrated neuroprotective effects and reduced infarction size following cerebral ischemia.
Nootropic & Neuro
Clinical Anxiolytic Trial
Anxiolytic Effects of Selank in Patients with Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Bull Exp Biol Med (2008) • Kost NV, et al.
- Synthetic tuftsin analog modulated GABAergic transmission and enkephalin degradation.
- Reduced anxiety and boosted cognitive performance without causing sedation or physical dependence.
Nootropic & Neuro
Human Sleep Study
Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide (DSIP) Modulates Circadian Rhythm and Sleep Architecture
Neuropsychobiology (1984) • Schneider-Helmert D, et al.
- Promotes slow-wave sleep (SWS) and normalizes disrupted sleep cycles in chronic insomniacs.
- Exhibits stress-protective properties and reduces baseline systemic LH secretion.
Nootropic & Neuro
Preclinical Model
PE-22-28: Spadin Analog as a Rapid-Acting Antidepressant Peptide
Pharmacol Res (2017) • Djillani A, et al.
- Blocker of TREK-1 potassium channels showing potent, rapid neurogenesis stimulation.
- Induces antidepressant-like behavioral responses within hours in animal models.
Nootropic & Neuro
Phase II Clinical
Cerebrolysin in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke (CASTA Trial)
Stroke (2012) • Heiss WD, et al.
- Neuropeptide preparation reduced neurological deficits and promoted neuroplastic recovery.
- Showed synergistic action with rehabilitation protocols in moderate-to-severe stroke cases.
Antimicrobial & Immune
In Vitro / In Vivo
Human Cathelicidin LL-37 Modulates Innate Immunity and Pathogen Defense
Blood (2006) • Bowdish DM, et al.
- Endogenous host defense peptide triggers direct membrane disruption in Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
- Promotes chemotaxis of immune cells and aids re-epithelialization during tissue infection.
Antimicrobial & Immune
Preclinical Inflammatory Model
Anti-Inflammatory Tripeptide KPV Inhibits Intestinal Inflammation
Gastroenterology (2009) • Dalmasso G, et al.
- C-terminal fragment of alpha-MSH downregulates NF-κB nuclear translocation and cytokine release.
- Reduces mucosal ulceration and leukocyte infiltration in colitis models.
Antimicrobial & Immune
Human Clinical Trial
Thymosin Alpha-1 as Immunomodulatory Therapy in Severe Sepsis
Crit Care Med (2013) • Wu J, et al.
- Restored T-cell subset balance (CD4+/CD8+ ratios) and improved cell-mediated immunity.
- Significantly decreased 28-day all-cause mortality in critically ill sepsis patients.
Cardiac & Vascular
Preclinical Model
Cardioprotective Actions of Apelin Peptides in Ischemic Heart Disease
Cardiovasc Res (2010) • Simpkin JC, et al.
- Endogenous ligand for APJ receptor enhances myocardial contractility without inducing hypertrophy.
- Reduces myocardial infarct size following ischemia-reperfusion injury.
Cardiac & Vascular
Phase II Clinical
Urocortin-2 Infusion Improves Hemodynamics in Heart Failure Patients
Eur Heart J (2008) • Davis ME, et al.
- Corticotropin-releasing factor receptor-2 agonist increased cardiac output by 40%.
- Decreased systemic vascular resistance without producing tachycardia.
Cosmetic & Skin
Double-Blind RCT
Palmitoyl Pentapeptide-4 (Matrixyl) Stimulates Skin Matrix Synthesis
Int J Cosmet Sci (2005) • Robinson LR, et al.
- Significantly increased synthesis of Collagen I, III, and IV in dermal fibroblasts.
- Reduced facial wrinkle depth and volume over a 12-week clinical evaluation.
Cosmetic & Skin
In Vitro / Ex Vivo
Acetyl Hexapeptide-8 (Argireline) Inhibit SNARE Complex Formation
Int J Cosmet Sci (2002) • Blanes-Mira C, et al.
- Mimics SNAP-25 protein, competing for positions in the SNARE complex to attenuate neurotransmitter release.
- Reduces facial muscle contraction intensity to visibly minimize expression lines.
Endocrine
Phase II Clinical
Bremelanotide (PT-141) for the Treatment of Sexual Dysfunction
J Sex Med (2006) • Rosen RC, et al.
- Central melanocortin receptor agonist (MC3R/MC4R) that acts on the nervous system rather than vascular pathways.
- Demonstrated significant increase in arousal and sexual desire responses in premenopausal women and men.
Endocrine
Human Physiological Study
Kisspeptin-10 Stimulates Pulsatile LH and GH Secretion in Healthy Males
J Clin Endocrinol Metab (2005) • Dhillo WS, et al.
- Directly activates GPR54 receptors to trigger endogenous GnRH release.
- Increases plasma LH and testosterone secretion rapidly without receptor desensitization at low doses.
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